using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ShortestTotalPath
{
    internal class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // Take an approximate start time
            for (int k = 0; k < 10; k++)
            {
                Graph g = new();

                const int V = 10;
                List<Node> nodes = new();
                // Use random numbers, but with a controlled seed (tests are repeatable)
                Random rand = new();
                // double[] doubles = new double[] { 1.54, 1.37, 3.78, 8.54, 4.656, 7.334, 6.4643, 3.342, 3.456, 4.567 };
                // Create the nodes
                for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
                {
                    Node newNode = new(i.ToString());
                    g.Nodes.Add(newNode);
                    nodes.Add(newNode);
                }
                // Create the links between nodes
                for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
                {
                    for (int j = 0; j < V; j++)
                    {
                        if (i != j)
                        {
                            if (nodes[j].Children.TryGetValue(nodes[i], out double value))
                            {
                                nodes[i].Children.Add(nodes[j], value);
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                nodes[i].Children.Add(nodes[j], 0.5 + rand.NextDouble() * 10.0);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                DateTime start = DateTime.Now;
                Algorithm a = new Algorithm();
                Node n = a.Run(nodes[0], g);
                DateTime end = DateTime.Now;
                Console.WriteLine((end - start).TotalSeconds.ToString("N3") + " seconds");
                Console.WriteLine(n.TotalTraversedLength);
                Console.Write("Path: ");
                for (int i = 0; i < n.TraversedNodes.Count; i++)
                {
                    Console.Write(n.TraversedNodes[i].Name);
                    if (i == n.TraversedNodes.Count - 1)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        Console.Write(" -> ");
                    }
                }

            }
            Console.WriteLine("Finished");
            Console.ReadLine();
        }


        class Algorithm
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// Takes a graph, and the <paramref name="source"/> node, and returns the resulting node that contains the shortest path
            /// through every node in <paramref name="g"/> (<paramref name="g"/> must be undirected)<br />
            /// The resulting node contains an ordered list of traversed nodes and the total cost 
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="source"></param>
            /// <param name="g"></param>
            /// <returns></returns>
            public Node Run(Node source, Graph g)
            {
                // Keep track of the node to return
                Node shortestVisitors = null;
                // Create a queue of nodes.
                // As we must always select the lowest cost node (+ heuristic)
                // This must be O(n) traversed every iteration
                Dictionary<Node, double> queue = new();
                // Add our source node to the queue
                queue.Add(source, 0);
                // While the queue still has nodes, expand them
                while (queue.Count > 0)
                {
                    // Pop the smallest node, including the heuristic from the queue
                    Node poppedNode = PopShortest(queue);
                    // If the node has visted nodes
                    if (poppedNode.TraversedNodes != null)
                    {
                        // See if the node's traversed nodes contains all nodes in the graph
                        bool trueForAll = true;
                        foreach (Node item in g.Nodes)
                        {
                            if (!poppedNode.TraversedNodes.Contains(item))
                            {
                                // A node was missing, so don't bother expanding any further
                                trueForAll = false;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                        if (trueForAll)
                        {
                            // The popped node traverses every node,
                            // Don't bother expanding any more nodes in the queue
                            shortestVisitors = poppedNode;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    // Add children to the queue
                    foreach (Node child in poppedNode.Children.Keys)
                    {
                        // Check if the last four traversed nodes form a pattern, and our target node is one of those two nodes
                        // If so, don't queue this node for further expansion, as we're stuck in a local loop until the cost exceeds
                        // other calculated costs
                        if (poppedNode.IsInPattern() && (poppedNode.TraversedNodes[^2] == child || poppedNode.TraversedNodes[^1] == child))
                        {
                            // If the node would cause us to enter a local loop, disregard it
                            continue;
                        }
                        // Skip the parent node, unless it would be the last node we can expand (i.e., don't do a two-node loop)
                        if (child != poppedNode.ParentNode || (queue.Count == 0 && poppedNode.Children.Count == 1))
                        {
                            // Create a child node that is a copy of the current child, and set the total distance to the
                            // current total length of n + the length to the child
                            double length = poppedNode.TotalTraversedLength + poppedNode.Children[child];
                            Node qNode = new(child, poppedNode, length);
                            // A admissible (never over-estimates) heuristic is largest distance to an un-traversed node from our current node. 
                            qNode.LocalHeuristic = qNode.FarthestUnvisitedNodeDistance();
                            // Add the node to the queue
                            queue.Add(qNode, length);
                        }
                    }
                }
                return shortestVisitors;
            }
            /// <summary>
            /// Searches the dictionary for the <see cref="Node"/> with the shortest path-length + the heuristic estimate to the end goal.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="queue"></param>
            /// <returns></returns>
            Node PopShortest(Dictionary<Node, double> queue)
            {
                Node shortest = null;
                double length = double.MaxValue;
                // Most application processing time is spent in this loop, although it is only O(n);
                // This is because the saturated n^2 graph (every node has n connections) results in O(b^d) items in the queue
                // We could reduce this to O(1), at the cost of longer insertion times, when sorting added items immediately.
                // Another approach is to run simultaneous comparisons on chunks of data, i.e. break the queue into two-or-more
                // sections and find the lowest of each section, then grab the overall lowest, but this requires additional
                // time to establish the required threads. For graphs > rank of 10, that may be a better approach
                if (queue.Keys.Count == 1)
                {
                    foreach (Node n in queue.Keys)
                    {
                        shortest = n;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    foreach (Node n in queue.Keys)
                    {
                        // Compare Length plus heuristic to the current shortest length
                        if (n.TotalTraversedLength + n.LocalHeuristic < length)
                        {
                            // new shortest found, replace the current shortest values
                            shortest = n;
                            length = n.TotalTraversedLength + n.LocalHeuristic;
                        }
                    }
                }
                // Remove the node from the queue
                queue.Remove(shortest);
                return shortest;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// A graph is just a collection of Nodes (and any helper functions)
        /// As nodes are usually only read, keep them in a Set, which provides O(1) lookup time
        /// (We can find a specific node nearly instantly)<br />
        /// See <seealso cref="Node"/>.
        /// </summary>
        class Graph
        {
            public HashSet<Node> Nodes { get; set; } = new HashSet<Node>();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// A node represents a vertex in a graph.<br />
        /// At a minimum, the node only requires the Children to be set (which is the nodes this node is connected to, and their cost)<br />
        /// For this algorithm, we have additional requirements:<br />
        /// <list type="bullet">
        /// <item>
        /// <description>A node must keep track of its traversed nodes, and the traversed cost</description>
        /// </item>
        /// <item>
        /// <description>It must provide a means to store a heuristic value</description>
        /// </item>
        /// <item>
        /// <description>Each duplicated node <b>must be</b> unique</description>
        /// </item>
        /// <item>
        /// <description>A reference to the fundamental (i.e., non-duplicant) parent is required to do loop checks</description>
        /// </item>
        /// </list>
        /// The heuristic function used is the distance to the farthest non-traversed node
        /// </summary>
        class Node
        {
            public string Name { get; set; }
            public Node ParentNode { get; set; }
            public double TotalTraversedLength { get; set; } = 0;
            public double LocalHeuristic { get; set; } = 0;
            public Dictionary<Node, double> Children { get; set; } = new();
            public List<Node> TraversedNodes { get; set; } = new List<Node>();

            /// <summary>
            /// Creates a new node, based on the provided name
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="name"></param>
            public Node(string name)
            {
                Name = name;
                TraversedNodes.Add(this);
            }
            /// <summary>
            /// Create a deep-copy (excluding children) of the provided source node, using the provided cost
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="source"></param>
            /// <param name="parent"></param>
            /// <param name="cost"></param>
            public Node(Node source, Node parent, double cost)
            {
                ParentNode = parent;
                Name = source.Name;
                TotalTraversedLength = cost;
                TraversedNodes = new(parent.TraversedNodes);
                TraversedNodes.Add(source);
                Children = source.Children;
            }
            /// <summary>
            /// Pretty-ify the debug output
            /// </summary>
            /// <returns></returns>
            public override string ToString()
            {
                return $"{Name} : {GetHashCode()}";
            }
            /// <summary>
            /// Get the farthest distance to a node that has not been traversed (this is the minimal solution distance, and is always admissible)
            /// </summary>
            /// <returns></returns>
            public double FarthestUnvisitedNodeDistance()
            {
                double max = 0;
                foreach (KeyValuePair<Node, double> child in Children)
                {
                    if (child.Value > max && !TraversedNodes.Contains(child.Key))
                    {
                        max = child.Value;
                    }
                }
                return max;
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Detect loop patterns, so that an affected tree is expanded no further
            /// </summary>
            /// <returns></returns>
            public bool IsInPattern()
            {
                if (TraversedNodes.Count < 4)
                {
                    return false;
                }
                if (TraversedNodes[^1] == TraversedNodes[^3] && TraversedNodes[^2] == TraversedNodes[^4])
                {
                    return true;
                }
                else return false;
            }
        }
    }
}